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THE CENTENNIAL 



OF 



American Independence. 







PHILADELPHIA: 

PORTER & COATES, 
1875. 




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THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION OF 1876. 



The Exhibition Buildings arc located in Fairmonnt Park, which adjoins the 
built-up portions of Philadelphia on the northwestern border. This is a 
beautiful park of 2740 acres, upon which the city has already spent over 
$6,000,000, and is now annually expending a large sum in adornments and 
improvements. Through it runs the Schuylkill river, bordered by high banks 
and ravines, and its great natural beauty has been enhanced by art. The 
buildings are located on some of the most beautiful spots on the banks of this 
river, groves of stately trees surrounding them, splendid views of river and 
landscape being afforded. These buildings stand from 112 feet to 120 feet 
above the highest tide-water level in the Delaware river, and fully that height 
above the Schuylkill. Philadelphia is a city of 800,000 inhabitants, containing 
133,000 dwelling-houses, a large proportion of which are owned by their occu- 
pants, and this number is being increased at the rate of 6,000 a year. 

Girard Avenue, one of the chief streets of Philadelphia, leads directly from 
the heart of the city to the entrance to the Main Exhibition Building. This is 
a broad highway 100 feet in width, crossing the Schuylkill river upon the 
magnificent iron bridge seen in the background of the frontispiece, and which 
was erected at a cost of $1,500,000 expressly to furnish good facilities of access 
to the Exhibition grounds. This avenue passes through the Park in a westerly 
direction, and is a very fine drive. Bordering it on the right hand are the 
Exhibition grounds. These cover about 236 acres, which are enclosed for the 
buildings, in addition to which there will be other enclosures for the dis- 
plays of horses and cattle. At the Vienna Exhibition of 1873, the enclosure, 
including that for the horses and cattle, which was of considerable size, covered 
260 acres. The buildings at Vienna gave about 2,000,000 square feet of 
ground-floor surface for exhibitors, and covered 42 acres. There were originally 
provided at Philadelphia 50 acres of buildings, giving 2,107,000 square feet 
of surface, but applications for space are so numerous as to render enlarge- 
ments necessary. 

The articles to be exhibited have been classified in seven departments, which, 
for the most part, will be located in appropriate buildings, whose several areas 
are as follows : 





DEPARTMENTS. 


BUILDINGS. 


ACRES COVEB 


1. 


Mining and Metallurgy, -i 


( 




2. 


Manufactures, 


>■ Main Building, 


21.4? 


3. 


Education and Science, J 


1 




4. 


Art, 


Art Gallery, 


1.5 


5. 


Machinery, 


Machinery Building, 


14. 


6. 


Agriculture, 


Agricultural Building, 


10. 


7. 


Horticulture, 


Horticultural Building, 


1.5 



Total, ... . . . . . . . 48.47 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 



The first of them which one reaches in coming from the city is the Main 
Exhibition Building ; but the only point from which a comprehensive view may 
be taken of them all is from the summit of 0-eorge's Hill, on the western 
margin of the Exhibition grounds, the point of view taken in the frontis- 
piece ; and here the spectator will find the Machinery and Agricultural Halls 
in the foreground, and the Main Building and Art Gallery in the distance. 
Looking at them from this point, it will be seen that the northern faces of the 
Main and Machinery Buildings are in a line; that they are divided by an avenue, 
but connected by a covered way ; and that the length from the extreme of one 
building to the extreme of the other is very great — more than two-thirds of a 
mile. Running along the northern length of these buildings is a boulevard 
one hundred feet in width, which is traversed by a double line of narrow-gauge 
cars, for the accommodation of visitors. Three hundred feet back of the Main 
Building, their centres being in a line, stands the Art Grallery. Next north- 
ward, and on the further side of Lansdowne Valley, which is crossed by a 
bridge, is the Horticultural Building; back still of it, northernmost of the 
principal structures, is the Agricultural Building, and midway between this 
and the Machinery Hall is the site of the building for the exhibition to be made 
by the United States Government. 



PHILADELPHIA U. S . AMEBIC/! 



MAYKT^NOVEMBERICF" 




<- WjmZMWeM/wwEBIMa m^SMHWLMM - 



MAIN BUILDING. 

This is a parallelogram, running east and west 1876 ft. long, and north and 
south 464 ft. wide. The larger portion is one story high, the interior height 
being 70 ft., and the cornice on the outside 48 feet from the ground. At the 
centre of the longer sides are projections 416 ft. in length, and on the ends of 
the building projections 216 ft. in length. In these, which are in the centre 
of the four sides, are located the main entrances, which are provided with 
arcades upon the ground floor, and central facades 90 ft. high. The east 
entrance will form the principal approach for carriages, visitors alighting at the 
doors of the building under cover of the arcade. The south entrance will be 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 5 

the principal approach, from railway cars. The west entrance opens upon the 
main passage-way to two principal buildings, the Machinery and Agricultural 
Halls, and the north entrance to Memorial Hall (Art Gallery). Towers 
75 ft. in height rise at each corner of the building. In order to obtain a 
central feature, the roof for 184 ft. square at the centre has been raised above 
the surrounding portion, and four towers 48 ft. square, rising to 120 feet high, 
are introduced into the corners of this elevated roof. This gives ventilation as 
well as ornament. The main building gives 936,008 square feet of surface, or 
nearly 21 J acres. Its ground plan shows a central avenue 120 ft. in width, 
and 1832 ft. in length, which is the longest avenue of that width ever introduced 
into an exhibition building. On either side of this is another avenue of equal 
length, and 100 ft. wide. Between the central and side avenues are aisles 48 
ft. wide, and on the outer sides of the building smaller aisles of 24 ft. width. 
To break the great length of the roof-lines three transepts have been introduced, 
of the same widths and in the same relative positions to each other as the 
longitudinal avenues. These cross the building, and are 416 feet in length. 
The intersections of these various avenues make at the centre of the building: 
nine spaces, free from supports, which are from 100 ft. to 120 ft. square, and 
which aggregate 416 ft. square. The general elevation of the roofs of all these 
avenues varies from 45 ft. to 70 ft. 

This building rests upon the ground, the land having been thoroughly graded 
and prepared. The foundations consist of piers of masonry, the superstructure 
being composed of wrought-iron columns, placed 24 feet apart, which support 
wrought-iron roof-trusses. There are 672 of these columns in the entire struc- 
ture, the shortest being 23 ft. and the longest 125 ft. long. Their aggregate 
weight is 2,200,000 lbs. The roof-trusses and girders weigh 5,000,000 lbs. 
The sides of the building, to 7 ft. above the ground, are finished with brick- 
work in panels between the columns. Above this there are glazed sashes. The 
roof-covering is of tin, that being the best roofing known in this climate to 
resist leakage. The flooring is of plank, upon sills resting upon the ground, 
with no open space beneath. Turrets surmount the building at all the corners 
and angles, and thevnational standard, with appropriate emblems, is placed over 
each of the main entrances. There are numerous side-entrances, each being 
surmounted with a trophy, showing the national colors of the country occupying 
that portion of the building. In the vestibules variegated brick and tile are 
introduced. Louvre ventilators surmount all the avenues, and skylights the 
central aisles. Light, of which there will be an ample supply, comes from the 
north and south sides almost entirely. There underlie the building two miles 
of drainage-pipe, the water supply and drainage systems being complete. 
Offices for the Foreign Commissions are placed along the sides of the building, 
in close proximity to the products exhibited. Offices for the administration 
are at the ends. The design of the building is such that all exhibitors 
will have an equally fair opportunity of exhibiting their goods to advantage. 
There is comparatively little choice of location, as the light is uniformly dis- 
tributed, and each of the spaces devoted to products is located upon one of the 
main thoroughfares. 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 




THE ART GALLERY. 

The most imposing and ornate of all the structures is Memorial Hall built 
at a cost of $1,50.0,000, by the State of Pennsylvania and City of Philadelphia.' 
This is placed at the disposal of the Centennial Commission, to be used during 
the Exhibition as an Art Gallery, after which it is designed to make it the 
receptacle of an industrial and art collection similar to the famous South Ken- 
sington Museum, at London. It stands on a line parallel with, and a short 
distance northward of, the Main Building, and is in a commanding position 
looking southward across the Schuylkill over Philadelphia. It stands upon a 
terrace 122 ft. above the level of the Schuylkill. Being designed for an absolutely 
fireproof structure, nothing combustible has been used. The design is modern 
Renaissance. It covers an acre and a half, and is 365 ft. long, 210 ft. wide, 
and 59 ft. high, over a spacious basement 12 ft. high. A dome, rising 150 ft.' 
above the ground, surmounts the centre, capped by a colossal ball, from which 
rises the figure of Columbia. The main front of this building looks southward, 
displaying a main entrance in the centre consisting of three enormous arched 
doorways, a pavilion on each end, and two arcades connecting the pavilions 
with the centre. The entrance is 70 ft. wide, to which there is a rise of 13 
steps. Each of the huge doorways is 40 ft. high and 15 ft. wide, opening into 
a hall. Between the arches of the doorways are clusters of columns, terminating 
in emblematic designs illustrative of Science and Art. The doors are of iron, 
relieved by bronze panels, displaying the coats of arms of all the States and 
Territories. The United States coat of arms is in the centre of the main frieze. 
The dome is of glass and iron, of unique design. While Columbia rises at the 
top, a colossal figure stands at each corner of the base of the dome, typifying the 
four quarters of the globe. In each pavilion there is a large window 12* ft. by 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 7 

34 ft. There are altogether eight of these windows, which will be used for the 
display of stained glass, glass paintings, &c. Two of them have already been 
applied for from Munich, and application for space in them has also been made 
from England. The arcades designed to screen the long walls of the galleries 
each consist of five groined arches, and form promenades looking outward over 
the grounds and inward over open gardens extending back to the main wall of 
the building. These garden-plots are each 90 ft. by 36 ft., ornamented in the 
centre with fountains, and intended to display statuary. The arcades are highly 
ornamented, and the balustrades of them and of the approaching stairways are 
also designed for statuary. The walls of the east and west sides of the structure 
display the pavilions and the walls of the picture-galleries, and are relieved by 
niches designed for statues. The frieze is richly ornamented, and above it the 
central dome shows to great advantage. The rear or north front of the building 
is of the same general character as the main front, but, in place of the arcade, 
has a series of arched windows, twelve in number, with the entrance in the 
centre. Between the pavilions is the grand balcony, a promenade 275 ft. long 
and 45 ft. wide, elevated 40 ft. above the ground, and overlooking to the north- 
ward the beautiful grounds of the Park. On each front of the buildings the 
entrances open into halls, 82 ft. long, GO ft. wide, and 53 ft. high, decorated in 
modern Renaissance. These, in turn, open into the centre hall, 83 ft. square, 
the ceiling rising over it 80 ft. in height. From the east and west sides of this 
centre hall extend the galleries, each 98 ft. long, 48 ft. wide, and 35 ft. high. 
These galleries admit of temporary divisions for the better display of paintings, 
and with the centre hall form a grand hall 287 ft. long and 83 ft. wide, capable 
of comfortably accommodating 8000 persons. This is nearly twice the dimen- 
sions of the largest hall in the United States. From the galleries doorways open 
into two smaller galleries, 89 ft. long and 28 ft. wide. These open north and 
south into private apartments connecting with the pavilion-rooms, and forming 
two side-galleries 210 ft. long. Along the whole length of the north side of the 
main galleries and central hall extends a corridor 14 ft. wide, opening on its 
north line into a series of private rooms, twenty-three in number, designed for 
studios and smaller exhibition-rooms. All the galleries and the central hall are 
lighted from above ; the pavilions and studios from the sides. The pavilions 
and central hall are designed especially for the exhibition of sculpture. This 
fine building gives 75,000 square feet of wall space for paintings, and 20,000 
square feet of floor space for statues, &c. The skylights throughout are double, 
the upper being of clear glass and the under of ground glass. 

MACHINERY BUILDING. 

This structure is located about 550 ft. west of the Main Exhibition Building, 
and as its north front stands upon the same line, it is practically a continuation 
of that edifice, the two together presenting a frontage of 3824 ft. from their 
eastern to their western ends, upon the principal avenue within the grounds. 
This building consists of a main hall, 1402 ft. long and 360 ft. wide, with an 
annex on the southern side 208 ft by 210 ft. The entire area covered is 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 



PHILADELPHIA U S. AMERICA 



MAT 10™ TO NOVCmBGR 10™ 1876 




UBfimsrassr lua. 



558.440 square feet or nearly 13 acres, and the floor space afforded is about 
14 acres. The chief portion of the building is one story in height, the main 
cornice upon the outside being 40 ft. from the ground, and the interior height 
to the top of the ventilators in the avenues 70 ft., and in the aisles 40 ft. To 
break the long lines of the exterior projections have been introduced upon the 
four sides, and the main entrances are finished with facades extending to 78 ft. 
in height The eastern entrance will be the principal approach from railways 
and from the Main Exhibition Building. Along the southern side are placed 
the boiler-houses, and such other buildings for special kinds of machinery as 
may be required. The plan of the Machinery Building shows two main avenues 
90 ft. wide, with a central aisle between and an aisle on either side, these being 
GO feet in width. These avenues and aisles together have 360 ft. width, and 
each of them is 1360 feet long. At the centre of the building there is a tran- 
sept of 90 ft. width, which at the south end is prolonged beyond the building. 
This extended transept, beginning at 36 ft. from the building and extending to 
208 ft., is flanked on either side by aisles 60 ft. wide, and forms an annex for 
hydraulic machines. The promenades are : in the avenue 15 ft. wide, in the 
aisles 10 ft., and in the transept 25 ft. The walks extending across the 
building are all 10 ft. wide, and lead at either end to exit doors. The founda- 
tions of this building are piers of masonry, the superstructure consisting of solid 
timber columns supporting roof trusses, constructed of straight wooden principal 
beams and wrought-iron ties and struts. The columns are placed in longitudinal 
lines, and in these rows stand 16 ft. apart. The columns are 40 ft. high, and 
support respectively the 90-ft. roof-spans over the avenues at a height of 40 ft., 
and the 60-ft. roof-spans over the aisles at a height of 20 ft. The outer walls 
are built of masonry to a height of 5 ft., and above that are composed of glazed 
sash between the columns. Portions of these sashes are movable for ventila- 
tion, and Louvre ventilations are introduced in continuous lengths over both the 
avenues and the aisles. The building is entirely lighted by side-light from the 
north and south. 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 



9 



This Machinery Building has very superior facilities for shafting, and double 
lines will be introduced into each avenue and aisle at a height of about 20 ft. 
A Corliss steam-engine of 1400-horse power will drive the main shafting. 
There will also be counter-lines of shafting in the aisles and special steam-power 
furnished where necessary. Steam-power is to be furnished free to exhibitors. 
In the annex for hydraulic machines there is a tank 60 ft. by 160 ft. with 10 ft. 
depth of water* It is intended to exhibit all sorts of hydraulic machinery in 
full operation, and at the southern end of the tank there will be a waterfall 
35 ft. high by 40 ft. wide, supplied from the tank by the pumps on exhibition. 
There will probably be a larger exhibition at Philadelphia of processes of manu- 
facture than at any previous exhibition. Already the applications for space in 
the Machinery Building are so numerous that additional annexes for an exten- 
sion of the structure are contemplated. 




THE AGKICULTURAL BUILDING 



a ro- 



stands north of the Horticultural Building, being separated from it 
mantic ravine, and has a commanding view of the Schuylkill river /nd the 
north-western suburbs of Philadelphia beyond. This building will il/ustrate a 
novel combination of materials, mainly wood and glass, and will consist of a 
long nave crossed by three transepts, each being composed of truss-arches of 
G-othic form. The nave will be 820 ft. long by 125 ft. in width, ylth a height 
of 75 ft. from the floor to the point of the arch. The central transept will be 
100 ft. wide and 75 ft. high, and the two end transepts 80 ft. vide and 70 ft. 
high. Its interior appearance will resemble that of a great/cathedral, and 
in looking from transept to transept, the vista will be extremely imposing. 
A portion of this building will be supplied with steam-poyer for the use of 
agricultural machinery. The four courts enclosed by the n/ve and transepts, 
and also the four spaces at the corners of the building, having the nave and end 






10 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 



transepts for two of their sides, are to be roofed, and will form valuable spaces 
for exhibits. The ground plan of the building is a parallelogram 540 ft. by 
820 ft., covering about 10i acres. In connection with this building there will 
be extensive stock-yards for the exhibition of horses, cattle, swine, sheep, 
poultry, &c, and also a race-track for horses. 




HORTICULTUEAL BUILDING. 



The city of Philadelphia made a liberal grant of money to provide for the 
Horticultural department of the Exhibition an extremely ornate and com- 
modious building, which is designed to remain in permanence as an ornament 
of Fairmount Park. This structure is located on a terrace bordering the 
Schuylkill river, a short distance north of Memorial Hall, and has a com- 
manding view of the Schuylkill Iiiver Valley and the north-western por- 
tions of Philadelphia. Romantic ravines running down to the river are on 
either side, separating it on the south from Memorial Hall and on the north 
from Agricultural Building. These ravines are being spanned by ornamental 
bridges 500 ft. long and 60 ft. wide, for convenience of access. Carriage- 
roads, a railway, and foot-walks, will pass over them. The Horticultural 
Building is designed in the Moresque style of architecture of the 12th century, 
the chief materials externally being iron and glass, supported by fine marble and 
brickwork. The building is 383 ft. long, 193 ft. wide, and 72 ft. high to the 
top of the lantern. The main floor is occupied by the central conservatory, 230 
ft. by 80 ft., and 55 ft. high, surmounted by a lantern 170 ft. long, 20 ft. wide, 
and 14 ft. high. Running entirely around this conservatory, at a height of 20 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. \\ 

ft. from the floor, is a gallery 5 ft. wide. On the north and south sides of this 
principal room are four forcing-houses for the propagation of young plants, each 
of them 100 ft. by 30 ft., and covered by curved roofs of iron and glass, which, 
appearing upon the exterior of the building, present a very fine feature. A 
vestibule 30 ft. square separates the two forcing-houses on each side, and there 
are similar vestibules at the centre of the east and west ends, on either side of 
which are apartments for restaurants, reception-rooms, offices, &c. Ornamental 
stairways lead from these vestibules to the internal galleries of the conservatory, 
as well as to four external galleries, each 100 ft. long and 10 ft. wide, which 
surmount the roofs of the forcing-houses. These external galleries are con- 
nected with a grand promenade, formed by the roofs of the rooms on the lower 
floor, giving a superficial area of about 17,000 square feet. The east and 
west entrances to the Horticultural Building are approached by flights of blue 
marble steps, from terraces 80 ft. by 20 ft., in the centre of each of which 
stands an open kiosque 20 ft. in diameter. Each entrance is beautified by 
ornamental tile and marble work, and the angles of the main conservatory are 
to be adorned with eight attractive fountains. The corridors connecting the 
conservatory with the surrounding apartments open fine vistas in every direction, 
and the beauties of the surrounding Park, and the river flowing in front and 
more than 100 ft. beneath the building, add to the attractions. Extensive 
heating arrangements are provided in the basement, which is of fire-proof con- 
struction, and the restaurant kitchens will also be located there. 

Surrounding this building there are 35 acres of ground, which will be devoted 
to horticultural purposes, and are now being prepared for planting. In this plot 
there is an extensive series of sunken gardens. 



MISCELLANEOUS BUILDINGS. 

Having thus noted the five principal buildings of the Exhibition prope/t 
will be convenient to return to the main entrance to the grounds, and tak/^P 
in order such of the minor buildings as can now be definitely described. / nis 
main entrance is the interval between the Main and Machinery Building ari d 
is approached by a covered bridge, crossing Elm Avenue from the tern/ us °* 
the Pennsylvania Railroad, where visitors from every part of the Unio^ 1 ^ k e 
landed, only a street's breadth from the Exhibition. On either sia °* tne 
entrance is a building containing some twenty-five rooms each, ^ich are 
devoted to the use of the executive officers, those of the custom Muse, post- 
office, police, telegraph operators, etc. These buildings are to \f connected 
by a spacious verandah, so that in passing between the neighboryg buildings 
and the depot, one need not at any time go from under cover/ Facing the 
entrance, and on the boulevard which runs at the back of /ne Main and 
Machinery Buildings, is the Jury Pavilion, an ornate two-story s/ructure, which 
contains, besides the numerous smaller chambers appropriatedrto the delibera- 
tions of the International Juries, a spacious hall suitable fVr receptions and 
banquets, the meetings of conventions and international congresses, and similar 



12 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 

purposes. Next in the rear of this will be the building, an acre in size, which 
is to accommodate the Women's Exhibition, a tasteful and commodious struct- 
ure, erected at a cost of $30,000 by the subscriptions of the women of America. 
West of this, and on the lower slope of George's Hill, will be another struct- 
ure, rivaling some of the Exhibition buildings in size and interest. This is to 
contain the collection, provided for by an executive order of the President, of 
" such articles and materials as will, when presented in a collective Exhibition, 
illustrate the functions and administrative faculties of the Government in time 
of peace, and its resources as a war power, and thereby serve to demonstrate the 
nature of our institutions and their adaptation to the wants of the people." 
The last Congress provided for the expenses of this exhibition by an appropria- 
tion of $505,000, and its preparation has been entrusted to officers representing 
the War, Treasury, Navy, Interior, Post-Office, and Agricultural Departments, 
and the Smithsonian Institute. 

In addition to these exhibition buildings, special structures will be put up 
by Pennsylvania, New Jersey, Ohio, Indiana, Illinois, Missouri, Kansas, and 
probably other States which have not yet matured their plans. There will be 
also six large restaurants within the enclosure, besides from two to four buffets 
in each of the Exhibition buildings, and eight or ten out-door pavilions for the 
sale of aerated waters. The photographers, carriage-builders, and a number of 
other associations and individual exhibitors, will find accommodations in build- 
ings for their peculiar use. 

Many foreign nations will erect special buildings for their own use. Arrange- 
ments to this effect have thus far been completed by England, Japan, Germany, 
Sweden, Turkey, and Morocco, and are under consideration by other countries. 
As far as can at present be foreseen, the entire number of buildings on the Ex- 
hibition grounds is likely to be from two hundred to two hundred and fifty. 
Upon the highest ground in the Park, a short distance north of the enclosure, 
tere has been erected an Observatory, 150 ft. in height. This overlooks all 
th buildings, and affords a fine view of the Exhibition grounds, the city, and 
its environs. This structure is an ornamental column of iron, and visitors are 
to b taken to the top on a spiral railway. 

TL» plan of the grounds embraces seven miles of roads and foot-walks, all of 
them >f substantial character, quite a number of bridges, summer-houses, &c. 
An an^le water supply will be provided. A complete system of mains 
and draus is already finished, and the Exhibition, in addition to being able to 
draw froi} the George's Hill City Reservoir, which is just outside the enclosure, 
and has 4^,000,000 gallons capacity, will have an independent source of supply 
on the Schiylkill river, pumping-engines being placed there especially for the 
Exhibition, vhich will have a daily capacity of 6,000,000 gallons. It will thus 
be seen that the water supply will be ample ) like steam and exhibition 
space, it will b- furnished free of cost. 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. J 3 



ARRANGEMENTS AND REGULATIONS. 



Great pains are being taken to provide for the facility and convenience of 
exhibitors. The completion of the buildings being assured months before the 
opening, when the time arrives for the reception of the goods, everything will be 
ready to receive them. In previous Exhibitions the exhibitors were called upon 
to deliver their goods in February or March, when the buildings were not yet 
ready to receive them. Here they will go at once into the space allotted them. 
In 1867 the exhibitors and foreign Commissions had to floor and decorate the 
spaces allotted at a great expense. Here there will be nothing of the kind re- 
quired, the authorities preparing everything. There will be a total absence of 
anything like charges upon the exhibitors after their goods have been deposited in 
the buildings. Exhibitors will not be charged for space ; and a reasonable quan- 
tity of steam and water-power will be supplied gratuitously. Exhibitors must 
provide at their own cost all show-cases, shelving, counters, fittings, &c, which 
they may require, also all countershafts, with their pulleys, belting, &c, for the 
transmission of power from the main shafts in Machinery Hall. The Com- 
mission will take precautions for the safe preservation of all articles in the 
Exhibition ; but it will in no way be responsible for damage or loss of any kind, 
or for accident by fire, or otherwise, however originating. Favorable facilities 
will be afforded by which exhibitors may insure their own goods. Exhibitors 
may employ watchmen of their own choice to guard their goods during the hours 
the Exhibition is open to the public. Exhibitors, or such agents as they may 
designate, shall be responsible for the receiving, unpacking and arrangement of/ 
objects, as well as for their removal at the close of the Exhibition. The trans 
portation, receiving, unpacking and arranging of the products for the Exhibitic 
will be at the expense of the exhibitor. 

The calendar of the Exhibition is as follows : — 

Reception of articles begins ..... Jan. 5, 187< 

" " " ends April 19, " 

Unoccupied space forfeited ..... April 26, 

Exhibition opens ...... May 10, 

" closes . . . . . . Nov. 10, 

Goods to be removed by .... . Dec. 3; 

FREIGHT AND TRANSPORTATION. 

In reference to freights, wherever it is possible arrangements /e being made 
to get reduced rates for goods intended for the Exhibition. /Convenience 01 
transportation is also being especially looked after. In the cM of foreign ex- 
hibitors, the goods will come to the various seaports, at each 0/ which special ar- 
rangements will be made for having them immediately transfe/ed from the vessels 
into railroad cars, which will be in readiness to receive them/ These cars will be 



14 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION, 

run to the Exhibition ground by special connecting lines of railway laid for the 
purpose. They will be taken alongside the doors of the Exhibition. A Custom- 
house is on the ground, and the entire place is made in effect a Government 
bonded warehouse. The goods, in the original packages, will thus be deposited 
punctually on the spaces they are to occupy, and this without transhipment. 
The railroads enter heartily into this arrangement, and will generally concede 
prices equivalent to half the ordinary rates. On the Atlantic seaboard, Portland, 
Boston, New York, Philadelphia, Baltimore and Norfolk, are made special ports 
of entry for goods for the Exhibition, and at each there are arrangements for 
their reception. The Grovernment has made quite liberal regulations for their 
importation in bond and free of duty ; although, if subsequently withdrawn for 
consumption, duties are to be paid. 

No previous Exhibition has had the facilities of access which there are at this. 
At Vienna the access was practically by foot-passages and carriages only. There 
was but one horse railway available, and no steam passenger railway leading near 
the grounds. At Philadelphia, while the largest accommodation is provided for 
carriages, yet that method of access will be the one least taken advantage of. 
Philadelphia is unusually well supplied with horse railways, lines of which occupy 
almost every street, and by means of junctions and exchanges, have direct access 
to the doors of the Exhibition. Five different horse railways lead to it; so that 
although portions of Philadelphia are seven or eight miles from the buildings, 
yet there is a horse car within a stone's throw of almost every dwelling, which 
reaches the doors of the Exhibition at a cost of not over nine cents. Four steam 
railways running through the city will also add to this accommodation. For 
visitors outside of Philadelphia ample transport facilities are provided. The 
steam railways, converging at Philadelphia from all directions, will run special 
trains at reduced rates, and these will all come to enormous stations just beside 
the Exhibition grounds. Tickets are to be sold which will, at low rates, give 
"ransport from all parts of the country to and from the Exhibition. Rapid 
-ains are to run from all points within 100 or 200 miles. From New York the 
r *ining time is to be two hours, and thousands will come from that city in the 
mc ning, spend the day at the Exhibition, and return at night. The Pennsyl- 
yarij Railroad, near the main line of which the Exhibition is located, is making 
exteL{ ve preparations to provide for the masses which are expected. To facili- 
tate lo omo tion inside the grounds, a double-track narrow-gauge railway is to be 
built ai round the place, inside the enclosure, with stations at every building. 
This roa> w m be 3* miles long. 

AWARDS OF PREMIUMS. 

The system of awards has been made the subject of careful study, and, after 
consideration (f all the plans heretofore adopted, a new and different one has 
been selected. The awards are to be based upon written reports attested by the 
signatures of their authors. Two hundred Judges are to be appointed to make 
these reports, one half being citizens of the United States and the other half 
foreigners. They are to be selected for their known qualifications and character, 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION 



15 



and will be experts in the departments to which they will be respectively assigned. 
The foreign Judges are to be appointed by the Commission of each country, 
and in conformity with the allotment to each of space in the Exhibition. The 
United States' Judges will be appointed by the Centennial Commission. Two 
hundred thousand dollars are to be paid to these Judges, each being given one 
thousand dollars for personal expenses. The reports and awards are to be based 
upon merit, the elements of which are declared by the authorities to include 
considerations relating to originality, invention, discovery, utility, quality, skill, 
workmanship, fitness for the purposes intended, adaptation to public wants, 
economy, and cost. Each report, as soon as completed, is to be delivered to the 
Centennial Commission for final award and publication. The awards, which 
will be finally decreed by the Commission, in compliance witfh the Act of Con- 
gress, will consist of a diploma, with a uniform bronze medal, and a special 
report of the Judges on the subject of the award. Each exhibitor will have 
the right to reproduce and publish the report awarded to him, although the 
Commission reserves the right to publish and dispose of all reports in the 
manner it thinks best for public information, and also to embody and distribute 
the reports as records of the Exhibition. If articles exhibited are not intended 
for competition, it must be so stated by the exhibitor, an-d they will be excluded 
from the examination by the Judges. 



PARTICIPATION OF FOREIGN GOVERNMENTS. 



By an act of Congress, approved June, 1874, the President was requested, in 
the name of the United States, to extend to all foreign governments a respectful 
and cordial invitation to be represented and take part in the International Ex- 
hibition ; in compliance with which, such an invitation was extended through 
the Department of State, the diplomatic representatives, and, in some cases, 
consular representatives of the United States, having been instructed to convei 
such invitations to the several governments, on the 30th of June, 1874. Tl 
governments which have formally accepted and appointed commissions to suj 



intend the exhibitions of their citizens are the following : 



Argentine Confederation, 

Belgium, 

Bolivia, 

Brazil, 

Chili, 

China, 

Denmark, 

Ecuador, 

Egypt, 

France and Algeria, 

G-ermany, 

Italy, 



Great Britain, with Aus- 
tralia and Canada. 
Guatemala and Salvador, 
Hawaii, 
Hayti, 
Honduras, 
Japan, 
Liberia, 
Mexico, 
Netherlands, 
Nicaragua, 
Norway, 
Austria — Hungary. 



Orange Free Stj 

Persia, 

Peru, 

Portugal, 

Siam, 

Spain, 

Sweden, 

Tunis, 

Turkey y 

U. S. / Colombia, 

Veneaaela. 

Russfa. 



16 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 



\ 



STATE ACTION. 

Advisory State Boards, charged with the representation of their respective 
commonwealths and their citizens in the Exhibition, have been officially formed 
in the following States and Territories : 

Alabama, 

Arizona, 

Arkansas, 

California, 

Colorado, 

Connecticut, 

Dakota, 

Delaware, 

Florida, 

Georgia, 

Illinois, 

Indiana, 

Iowa, 



Kansas, 

Louisiana, 

Maine, 

Massachusetts, 

Michigan, 

Mississippi, 

Missouri, 

Minnesota, 

Montana, 

Nebraska, 

Nevada, 

New Hampshire, 



New Mexico, 

New York, 

Ohio, 

Oregon, 

Pennsylvania, 

Rhode Island, 

Tennessee, 

Texas, 

Vermont, 

Virginia, 

Washington Territory, 

Wisconsin, 

Wyoming. 



i lowa, New Jersey, 

The State and city governments named below have made the appropriations 
specified, either as contributions to the cost of the Exhibition, or towards the 
arrangement of collective displays of their own natural, agricultural, and other 
resources : 

Philadelphia, . 
Pennsylvania, . 
U. S. Government, 
New Jersey, . 
Massachusetts, 
New York, 
Connecticut, . 
New Hampshire, 
Nevada, . 
Ohio, \ 
Delaware, 
Vilmington, Del., 

In other States than those above-named, the work of representation has been 
un ertaken by duly-qualified boards, which are likely to make as creditable dis- 
P* a } as those which have been officially endowed. 







$1,575,000 


Illinois, 








$10,000 






1,000,000 


Michigan, 








7,500 






505,000 


Arizona, 








5,000 






110,000 


Arkansas, 








5,000 






50,000 


Indiana, 








5,000 






25,000 


Kansas, 








5,000 






25,000 


Montana, 








5,000 






20,000 


Colorado, 








4,000 






20,000 


Wisconsin, 






- , 


3,000 






13,000 


Oregon, 








1,000 






10,000 


Minnesota, 








500 






5,000 













SUBSCRIPTIONS TO STOCK. 

Notwithstanding the hearty co-operation of the American press in supplying 
information, there is still much ignorance in reference to the Centennial stock 
and its chapter. The Centennial Board of Finance will require to complete 
the work a *. um not less than $3,500,000, which it is proposed to secure by 
sales of the stick to citizens of the United States. This stock is issued in 
shares of $10 eich, and every holder is entitled to an interest in the total pro- 
ceeds of the Exhibition; therefore, so far as each subscriber induces his 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 17 

friends and neighbors to co-operate, so far are his own interests increased. 
The Memorial Certificate is now ready for delivery to all who have subscribed, 
and it will be sent at once to all who wish, on receipt of its value, either in 
post-office order or check, made payable to Frederick Fraley, Treasurer, 904 
Walnut Street, Philadelphia. 

The steel-engraved certificate itself will ever remain a memorial of our inte- 
rest in the occasion, and it is hoped and believed that few Americans will fail, 
ere the expiration of this year, to secure to themselves this evidence of their inte- 
rest in the common welfare of their country. The certificate is engraved by 
the U. S. Treasury Department, and is in every respect a model, the Engraving 
Bureau of the Treasury deserving great credit for the admirable manner in 
which it is produced. 

The plate is twenty-four by twenty inches, on the best bank-note paper. The 
design is pyramidal, America forming the apex, with Fame and Art personified 
sitting at her feet ; the busts of Washington and Grant on either side, typical 
of the commencement and end of the century. America is represented as wel- 
coming the representatives of foreign nations, who bear symbols of their 
national industries and resources. Independence Hall and the National Capital 
are in the background. Beneath the former stand Fulton and Fitch, with their 
steamboat models, and under the latter are Franklin and Morse, with electric 
and telegraphic instruments. On the right, facing the figure of America, is 
Howe offering his sewing-machine, also a shipwright with a model of a clipper. 
The freedman, Continental and Federal soldier, and mechanic, form a group on 
the right, and the farmer, planter, miner, trapper, and Indian, all presenting 
symbols of their avocations, the group on the left. The centre of the base is 
Trumbull's painting of the " Signing of the Declaration of Independence," on 
the right of which is exemplified progress — the busy manufacturing city in 
contrast with the neglected windmill. To the left of the base is represented 
civilization, combining the railroad, telegraph, steamship, and reaping-machine, 
in contrast with the Conestoga wagon, mail rider, sailing vessel, and laborer 
with a sickle. The legend in the body of the certificate was engraved by a new 
and ingenious process, the invention of Gr. W. Casilear, Superintendent of the 
Engraving Department of the Treasury, and is most creditable, as is also the 
printing — the department being determined to make the work worthy of the 
nation and the grand commemorative occasion. The designs and arrangement 
are due to Messrs. Ferris and Darley, American artists 

This stock certificate should be in the possession of every patriotic citizen as 
an heirloom, without reference to the fact of its being repaid with interest. It 
must be understood by our readers that the certificate is to be retained by the 
holder, the principal and interest being paid on presentation of proper evidence 
of ownership after the close of the Exhibition. Should the receipts not prove 
sufficient to pay the entire amount, the division will be made pro rata among 
the stockholders. 

The sale of tickets at fifty cents each is estimated to reach the sum of 
$5,000,000, and is based upon the results of the Paris Exposition, which should 
be largely exceeded, when we consider the fact that we are a travelling commu- 



18 THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 

nity, and that the birthplace of American Independence will be the Mecca to 
which all our fellow citizens will be attracted from every section of this great 
country. Any increase in the above estimate of visitors will add that much to 
the amount to be divided among the Stockholders. 

PLANS FOR THE SALE OF STOCK. 

State Subscriptions. — These can only be secured by legislation, but 
personal influence with the members of the State Legislatures may do much to 
bring about a universal recognition. New Jersey, Connecticut, and Delaware 
have already done their share, and steps have been taken in other States to 
secure action at their approaching sessions. 

County Subscriptions. — There are many counties holding funds of their 
own that could make an investment of this character equally creditable as 
profitable. 

City Subscriptions. — The City of Wilmington, Delaware, leads in this 
line, an example worthy to be followed by cities of larger size and greater wealth. 
A mass meeting of citizens, indicating their approval of such an investment, 
would at once secure proper action on the part of the authorities. 

School Subscriptions. — This plan is perhaps one of the most popular that 
can be adopted, and, properly carried out, can be productive of large results, 
while tending to invite the pupils to emulation in their respective studies. One 
Share of Stock offered as a premium to each classs in each school in the United 
States, would alone go far to meet the entire demand of the Board of Finance. 
These prizes can be secured by subscription of the scholars, or from special 
donations of individuals desirous to serve the cause of education and this grand 
national enterprise ; the Certificates, handsomely framed, to remain in the class- 
room as a permanent memorial. 

Church Subscriptions. — Either as a testimonial to the pastor or as an 
investment for various charitable societies connected therewith ; the Certificate 
remaining an enduring evidence of the generosity and patriotism of the sub- 
scribers. 

Individual Subscriptions. — Could a clear and proper understanding of 
the great importance of this undertaking be generally diffused, it seems almost 
impossible to believe that there should be one family in the United States able 
to raise ten dollars that would not gladly possess this evidence of their nation- 
ality and patriotism, secured at so small a temporary outlay, and with a prospect 
of some income from the investment. Will every one who may chance to read 
this give the matter his honest consideration, and not only contribute his own 
mite, but also secure the cooperation of his friends ? Form local committees, 
call meetings, and have the subject fairly discussed in all its bearings ; one 
day's service on the part of an energetic man would doubtless do great good, 
and this plan alone, if generally followed, would do much to complete the sum 
required by the Centennial Board of Finance. 

Children's Subscriptions. — It is just possible that a select few may live to 
see another Centennial, with all its important results and changes ; but upon all 
there should be impressed the momentous importance of this anniversary, that 



THE INTERNATIONAL EXHIBITION. 






there may be handed down to the second generation some evidence of what was 
done in 1876 to recognize the principles enunciated in 177b'. Could each 
child be made to appreciate this, how gladly would he aid to secure this 
commemoration. 



THE CENTENNIAL BUREAU OF REVENUE. 

The above department, officially appointed by the Board of Finance, has con- 
trol of the sale of stock and medals. Organized July 1st, 1874, it has steadily 
and energetically pushed its agents throughout the various States, resulting in 
a success which it only needs time to complete. As the work of this Bureau, 
although national, must be continually followed up, its Directors are composed 
of such members of the Board of Finance as can render daily attention to its 
demands, as follows : 

John Wanamaker, Chairman, . . Philadelphia. 

William Bigler, Financial Agent, . . Pennsylvania. 

Edmund T. Steel, . . . . . Philadelphia. 

Amos R. Little, . ... " 

Clement M. Biddle, 

Daniel M. Fox, . 

James M. Robb, 

John Baird, . 

Thos. H. Dudley, 

John Cummings, . 

William L. Strong, 

George Bain, 

C. B. Norton, Secretary. 



New Jersey. 
Massachusetts 
New York. 
Missouri. 



For the purpose of completely districting the various States, and with a 
view of securing as nearly as possible the quota originally planned by the Board 
of Finance, the aid of Auxiliary Boards has been accepted in States, Counties, 
and Districts. The patriotic and national spirit of the country has led to these 
being formed of volunteers, composed of the leading men in each section, and 
through the aid of these Boards public meetings have been arranged for, 
addresses delivered, and the general interest of the country excited toward 
securing the proper financial aid needed. It is the duty of these Auxiliary 
Boards to select responsible men as agents for the sale of stock and medals, 
and the Bureau of Revenue would be pleased to correspond with the friends of 
the Centennial in any section of the country. Among other means that have 
been adopted with success, and through the cooperation of the ladies, may be 
mentioned Tea-parties, Festivals and Exhibitions of various kinds, the proceeds 
of which are devoted to the purchase of Centennial stock. By a proper system 
of arrangement, this investment can serve a double purpose, by being placed to 
the credit of such charitable institutions as may be selected by the Auxiliary 
Board and those cooperating with them. It must be understood that the 
engraved Certificates of Stock are to be retained permanently by the holders, and 
when framed will make a fitting ornament for the parlor, school, or public hall. 



§}fttm 4 % ft $ + ^ttUttttial ^tmm$$imL 



PRESIDENT. 

JOSEPH R. HAWLEY. 



VICE-PRESIDENTS. 



ORESTES CLEVELAND, 
JOHN D. CREIGH, 
ROBERT LOWRY, 



THOMAS H. COLDWELL, 
JOHN McNEIL, 
WILLIAM GURNEY. 



DIRECTOR-GENERAL. 

ALFRED T. GOSHORN. 



SECRETARY. 

JOHN L. CAMPBELL. 



ASSISTANT SECRETARIES. 

MYER ASCH, 
DORSEY GARDNER. 



COUNSELLOR AND SOLICITOR. 

JOHN L. SHOEMAKER, Esq. 



Wsecittwt tyammiiht. 



DANIEL J. MORRELL, Chairman. 
ALFRED T. GOSHORN, JOHN LYNCH, FREDERICK L. MATTHEWS, 

N M BECKWITH, CHARLES P. KIMBALL, WM. PHIPPS BLAKE, 

ALEXANDER R. BOTELER, SAMUEL F. PHILLIPS, JAMES E. DEXTER, 

richard c. Mccormick, george b. loring, j. t. Bernard. 

J. R. HAWLEY, Pres., ex officio. 



^tibfis 4 l^mytmi. 



Direction of the foreign representation, MRE^TO^R-GENERAL, 

INSTALLATIO _ o ^- ^ applications for space-allotment of space in Main BuMmg- 

supervision of special structures, HEJNR¥ FEI11I. 

TRANSPORTATION:— . . . 

Foreign transportation for goods and visitors— transportation for goods and visitors 
in the United States— local transportation— warehousing and customs regulations 

DOLPJtiub lU-KKJiii. 

MACH SvLrintendence of the Machinery Department and building, including allotment 

of space to Exhibitors, J0HN S - ALBERT. 

AGRI Sup L erinWe^ceof the Agricultural Department, building, and grou^nds, including 

allotment of space to Exhibitors, BURNET LANDRETH 

HORTICULTURE:— . 

Superintendence of Horticultural Department, Conservatory, and grounds, mclud- 

ing allotment of space to Exhibitors, CHARLES H. MILLER. 

FINE ARTS:— , . .. .. . . ,. „ , ' - 

Superintendence of the Fine Art Department and building, including a "° t ™ e ^g TAm 

space to Exhibitors, 



A* &♦ ^cvttnmtnt l|aariL 



WAR DEPARTMENT ORDNANCE BUREAU. 

Col. S. C. LYFORD, Chairman. 

TREASURY DEPARTMENT. 

Hon. R. W. TAYLER, 

1st Controller of the Treasury. 

NAVY DEPARTMENT. 

Admiral THORNTON A. JENKINS, 
U. S. Navy. 

INTERIOR DEPARTMENT. 

Hon. JOHN EATON, 
Commissioner of Education. 



POST-OFFICE DEPARTMENT. 

Dr. chas. f. Mcdonald, 

Chief of Money Order Department. 
AGRICULTURAL DEPARTMENT. 

WM. SAUNDERS, 
Superintendent of Propagating Garden. 

SMITHSONIAN INSTITUTION. 

Prof. S. F. BAIRD, 
Assistant Secretary of the Smithsonian Institu- 
tion and U. S. Fishery Commissioner 

WM. A. DeCAINDRY, Secretary. 



rtttftttttfol 




*«««#♦ 



PRESIDENT. 

JOHN WELSH, Philadelphia. 

VICE-PRESIDENTS. 

WILLIAM SELLERS, Philadelphia. JOHN S. BARBOUR, Virgiria. 



DIRECTORS. 



Samuel M. Felton, Philadelphia. 
Daniel M. Pox, Philadelphia. 
Thomas Cochran, Philadelphia. 
Clement M. Biddle, Philadelphia. 
N. Parker Shortridge, Philadelphia. 
James M. Robb, Philadelphia. 
Edward T. Steel, Philadelphia. 
John Wanamaker, Philadelphia. 
John Price Wetherill, Philadelphia 
Henrt Winsor, Philadelphia. 
Wm. L. Strong, New York. 



Amos R. Little, Philadelphia. 
John Baird, Philadelphia. 
Thomas H. Dudley, New Jersey. 
A. S. Hewitt, New York. 
John Cummings, Massachusetts. 
John Gorham, Rhode Island. 
Charles W. Cooper, Pennsylvania. 
William Bigler, Pennsylvania. 
Robert M. Patton, Alabama. 
J. B. Drake, Illinois. 
George Bain, Missouri. 



secretary and treasurer. 
FREDERICK FRALEY, Philadelphia. 

FINANCIAL agent. 
HON. WILLIAM BIGLER. 

AUDITOR. 

HENRY S. LANSING. 



OFFICERS AND MEMBERS 

OF THE 

Ij^romt'* ^ttUttttial JU^tttw CjHrarotttfc 



PRESIDENT. 

MRS. E. D. GILLESPIE. 

VICE-PRESIDENT. 

MRS. JOHN SANDERS. 



SECRETARY. 

MRS. RICHARD P. WHITE. 

Mrs. Crawford Arnold, Philadelphia. 

" Buckman, Philadelphia. 

" James C. Biddle, Philadelphia. 

" Henry Cohen, Philadelphia. 

" Theodore Cuyler, Philadelphia. 

" John W. Forney, Philadelphia. 

" A. H. Franciscus, Philadelphia. 
Miss Elizabeth Gratz, Philadelphia. 

" McHenry, Philadelphia. 
Mrs. Aubrey H. Smith, Philadelphia. 

" Matthew Simpson, Philadelphia. 

" Henry C. Townsend, Philadelphia. 

" S. A. Irwin, Philadelphia. 

" Bion Bradbury, Maine. 

" James T. Fields, Massachusetts. 

" F. W. Goddard, Rhode Island. 

" Worthington Hooker, Connecticut. 

" W. L. Dayton, New Jersey. 

" Bouligny, District of Columbia. 

" C. J. Faulkner, West Virginia. 

" H. G. Root, Vermont. 

•' J. M. Heck, N. Carolina. 



treasurer. 
MRS. F. M. ETTING. 

Mrs. Jourdain Westmoreland, Georgia. 

" Ellen Call Long, Florida. 

" M. C. Ludeling, Louisiana. 

" K. S. Minor, Mississippi. 

" E. D. Dickinson, Missouri. 

" Edward F. No yes, Ohio. 

" F. R. West, Ohio. 

" J. R. Thorp, Wisconsin. 

" J. M. Crowell, Kansas. 

" J. L. Beveridge, Illinois. 

" R. 0. Rockwood, Indiana. 

" S. B. Bowen, Montana. 

" Fred'k MacCrellish, California. 

" L. C. Hughes, Arizona. 

" W. I. Hill, Idaho. 

" J. M. Washburne, Dakota. 

" M. J. Young, Texas. 

" W. S. Rand, Eastern Kentucky. 

" H. C. Caldwell, Arkansas. 

" Wm. George Read, Maryland. 




THE MEMORIAL MEDALS. 



In order to permit universal participation in the patriotic work of celebrating the Centen- 
nial of American Independence, the United States, by a special act, authorized the U. S. Mint 
to prepare, and the Centennial Board of Finance to issue, a series of magnificent Memorial 
Medals, bearing appropriate designs, the production of a talented and skillful artist, and exe- 
cuted by the United States Mint, thus enabling all our citizens to hold an evidence of their 
patriotism and sympathy with the Great Celebration of 1876, and participate in three advan- 
tages, two of which, at least, will grow of more importance and value by the lapse of time. 

Firstly. Each person will contribute his or her mite towards insuring the proud success of 
the national undertaking. Secondly, the name of each purchaser will be inscribed on the grand 
roll of subscribers to the triumphant ratification of the immortal Declaration of Independence; 
and thirdly, each will become the possessor of an elegant and artistic memento of the great 
event, which, in its neat case, for insuring preservation, may be handed down as an heirloom to 
succeeding generations. 

These " Memorial Medals " are of four descriptions, to bring them within the taste and 
means of all, viz. : In large Bronze at $2 ; large Gilt, at $5 j small Silver, at $3 ; and small Gilt, 
at $1. In addition, the four Medals can be had neatly arranged in one case, price $11. The 
fac-simile annexed is of the size of the first and second of these, the small silver and gilt being the 
size of the American dollar, with the same obverse design, but bearing on the centre of the 
reverse the inscription : " In commemoration of the Hundredth Anniversary of American Inde- 
pendence, 1876," surrounded by the words : " By authority of the Congress of the United States." 

The design of the "Obverse" on all of the medals represents the Genius of American Inde- 
pendence rising from a recumbent position, grasping with her right hand the sword which is to 
enforce her demands, and raising her left in appealing pride to the galaxy of thirteen stars, 
which, indicating the original colonies and States, are blazing in the firmament. Beneath is the 
date, 1776. The "Reverse" on the large medals displays the Genius of Liberty, with the now 
ornamental sword buckled to her girdle, the shield of the Stars and Stripes leaning at rest, while 
with either hand she extends a welcome and a chaplet to the Arts and Sciences assembled with 
evidences of their skill and craft to do honor to the date 1876, which is inscribed upon the plat- 
form. The history of our great nation is depicted in these two designs ; and as a work of art, 
a memento of the Centennial, or as a means of contributing to its celebration, these Memorial 
Medals should be objects of universal appreciation. 

Orders for the Medals should be addressed to the Bureau of Revenue, 904 Walnut Street, 
Philadelphia. 



Iix^7"€tl"u.«t"fc>lo to Horse OT7*7"xi.©rjs ! 

i. 

EIGHTEENTH EDITION. 

HIRAM WOODRUFF 

ON THE 

TROTTING HORSE OF AMERICA: 

HOW TO TRAIN JlTXT> DRIVE HIM. 

12mo. Cloth, black and gold, $2.50. 

With Reminiscences of the Trotting Turf. By Hiram Woodruff. Edited by Charles J. 
Foster. Including an Introductory Notice by George Wilkes, and a Biographical Sketch by 
the editor. Eighteenth Edition, revised and enlarged, with a new Appendix, Table of Perform- 
ances, and a copious Index. With a fine steel portrait of the author, and six finely engraved 
portraits on wood of celebrated trotters. 

" It is a bonk for which every man who owns a horse ought to subscribe. The information which it contains 
is worth ten times its cost." — Bonner's New York Ledger. 

" We believe it to be the most practical and instructive book that ever was published concerning the trotting 
horse; and those who own or take care of horses of other descriptions, may buy and read it with a great 
deal of profit. Besides all this, it is a work of great interest.'' — Wilkes' Spirit of the Times. 

"It is the most complete work of the kind, and possesses all the fascination of a novel, even to others than 
horsemen." — The American Farmer. 

II. 

" The book condenses the wisdom of a whole library within itself. It is as entertaining as most novels are." 
— Springfield Republican. 



EVERY HORSE OWNER'S CYCLOPAEDIA. 

By J. H. WALSH, F.R.C.S. 

8vo. Cloth, gilt, $3.75; feheep, $4.50. 

The Anatomy and Physiology of the Horse ; general Characteristics ; the Points of the Horse, 
with directions how to choose him; the principles of Breeding, and the best kind to breed from; 
the treatment of the Brood Mare and Foal; Raising and Breaking the Colt; Stables, and Stable 
Management; Riding, Driving, <fec, <&c. Diseases, and How to Cure Them: The principal 
Medicines, and the doses in which they can be safely administered ; Accidents, Fractures, and 
the operations necessary in each case ; Shoeing, <fec. By J. H. Walsh, F.R.C.S. The American 
Trotting Horse, and Suggestions on the Breeding and Training of Trotters. By Ellwood 
Harvey. The Turf and Trotting Horse of America. By John Elderkin. The Percheron Horse; 
Tables of Pedigrees of celebrated Trotters, <fec. Edited by Robt. McClure, M.D., V.S., author of 
"American Gentleman's Stable Guide." With three fine engravings on steel, and 80 wood-cuts. 

The Chicago National Live Stock Journal, in the March number, says : "We have examined, with great 
interest, a handsome volume of 582 pages, entitled 'Every Horse Owner's Cyclopedia," and we feel quite 
confident in declaring it is one of the most valuable contributions of the day to horse literature." 

" Every man who wishes for a compact summary of the latest and soundest views on the management of 
horses, in all its details, will find it in this comprehensive and able volume.' 1 '' — The Tribune, N. Y. 

'* A large and profusely illustrated work. ' Every Horse Owner's Cyclopedia,' is altogether one of the 
most valuable books for stock men lately produced." .... — The Western Rural, Chicago. 



III. 

DISEASES OF THE HORSE, 

ANO HOW TO TT1EAT THEM. 

16mo. Cloth, $1.25. 

Diseases of the Horse, and How to Treat Them : A concise Manual of Special Patho- 
logy, for the use of Horsemen, Farmers, Stock-raisers, and Students in Agricultural Colleges in 
the United States. By Robert Chawner, Veterinary Surgeon. 

" Robert Chawner's 'Diseases of the Horse' is an excellent little hand-hook for every horse owner in 

whose neighborhood there is no veterinary surgeon Mr. Chawner's book will enable owners of 

horses to treat afflicted animals intelligently, and from a better stocked medicine chest than the gentlemen 
above mentioned (stable boys and blacksmiths) are likely to possess." — Christian Union, New York. 

'■"Very few books have ever been issued which will equal this for the valuable information it contains." — 
Daily Globe, St. Louis. 

"The horse is so valuable an animal, and withal exposed to so many preventable or curable diseases, that 
a good manual on this subject can hardly fail to be useful. This seems to be supplied by Robert Chawner, 
veterinary surgeon, in this compact little book. 'Diseases of the Horse, and How to Treat Them,' for tne 
use of horsemen, farmers, stock-raisers, and students of our agricultural colleges. The author points out in 
his preface the need of such a manual, by showing that the English works republished here are not up to 
the advancement of medical science in the treatment of diseases of the horse." — Daily Globe, Boston. 

PORTER & COATES, Publishers, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



New and Valuable AGRICULTURAL and SPORTING BOOKS! 



i. 



THE JERSEY, ALDERNEY & GUERNSEY COW. 

By WILLIS P. HAZARD. 

12mo. Cloth, $1.50. 

Their History, Nature and Management. Edited from the writings of Edward P. Fowler, 
George E. Waring, Jr., Chas. L. Sharpless, Prop. John Gamgee, C. P. Le Corntt, Col. Le 
Couteur, Prop. Magne, Fr. Gttenon, Dr. Twaddell, and others, by Willis P. Hazard. 8vo. 
Illustrated with about 30 fine Engravings, Diagrams, &c. 

" This work, recently issued, is a valuable compendium of useful information on the above subject, which 
no farmer can'read without benefit."— Practical Farmer, N. Y. 

" An excellent treatise on the nature, history, and management of the Jersey, Alderney and Guernsey 
Cow. The work contains a great mass of valuable information, which cannot fail to be useful to the prac- 
tical dairyman and the amateur farmer."— The Tribune, N. Y. 



II. 

ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RURAL SPORTS. 

Comprising Shooting, Hunting, Coursing, Fishing, Hawking, Athletics, Yachting, Racing, 
Boating, Pedestrianism, and the various Rural Games and Amusements. Illustrated by 200 
Engravngs. By Stonehenge (J. H. Walsh, F.R.C.S.). 

Crown 8vo. Cloth, extra, black and gold, $4.50. 

"Porter & Coates have issued an American edition of the 'Encyclopedia of Rural Sports,' by J H. 
Walsh (' Stonehenge '), which has gone through eight editions in England. It is a bulky volume of over 800 
naees and is crammed full of information concerning shooting, hunting, coursing, fishing, boating, racing, 
walki'ne riding driving, cricket, base ball, and every variety of manly outdoor pursuits and pleasures. It 
is not a mere dry book of facts or for reference, for many chapters have very lively and agreeable reading. 
There is a large number of excellent illustrations, many of them being full-page size and all being well 
engraved."— Evening Bulletin, Philadelphia. 

III. 

The Illustrated Book of Domestic Poultry. 

With 20 full-page Chromo-illustrations, drawn from nature, by C. H. Weigall; engraved and 
printed in colors by W. Dickes & Co., and also engravings on wood. 

Crown 8vo. Beautifully bound in Cloth, extra, black and gold, $4.50. 

« A thick 8vo handsomely bound, and fully illustrated with fine engravings, colored from life of all the 
various breeds of fowls I^s a work of the greatest value to poultry-keepers or those contemplating the 
brSe of poultry, on account of the accurate illustrations of breeds and the full text relating thereto. It 
I i tte bfsf American work that has yet appeared on this subject."- The Western Rural, Chicago. 



IV. 



THE AMERICAN GARDENER'S ASSISTANT. 

revised and enlarged, by S. Edward Todd. With colored frontispiece and 70 illustrations. 

12mo. Cloth, extra, black and gold, $2. 

Agriculturists will find this an invaluable addition to their libraries ; they can find much in 
the b£* TealS Serviceable, and might save themselves much vexation and loss by heedmg its 
practical suggestions. pQRTER & C0A TES, Publishers, 

PHILADELPHIA. 



THE CENTENNIAL 



OF 



American Independence. 



* * 



PHILADELPHIA: 

PORTER & COATES. 

1875. 






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